In Review
The following program brings together many of the advanced techniques you've learned during the past three weeks of hard work. Week 3 in Review provides a template-based linked list with exception handling. Examine it in detail; if you understand it fully, you are a C++ programmer.
WARNING: If your compiler does not support templates, or if your compiler does not support try and catch, you will not be able to compile or run this listing.
Listing R3.1. Week 3
in Review listing.
Analysis: The Week 3 in Review listing
modifies the program provided in Week 2 to add templates, ostream processing,
and exception handling. The output is identical. On line 44, the abstract base class Part is declared exactly as it was
in Week 2. The only interesting change here is in the non-class member operator<<(),
which is declared on lines 69-73. Note that this is neither a member of Part
nor a friend of part, it simply takes a Part reference as one of its arguments. You might want to have operator<< take a CarPart and an
AirPlanePart in the hopes that the correct operator<< would
be called, based on whether a car part or an airplane part is passed. Since the program
passes a pointer to a part, however, and not a pointer to a car part or an airplane
part, C++ would have to call the right function based on the real type of one of
the arguments to the function. This is called contravariance and is not supported
in C++. There are only two ways to achieve polymorphism in C++: function polymorphism
and virtual functions. Function polymorphism won't work here because in every case
you are matching the same signature: the one taking a reference to a Part. Virtual functions won't work here because operator<< is not a member
function of Part. You can't make operator<< a member function
of Part because you want to invoke and that means that the actual call would be to cout.operator<<(Part&),
and cout does not have a version of operator<< that takes
a Part reference! To get around this limitation, the Week 3 program uses just one operator<<,
taking a reference to a Part. This then calls Display(), which
is a virtual member function, and thus the right version is called. On lines 129-142, Node is defined as a template. It serves the same function
as Node did in the Week 2 Review program, but this version of Node
is not tied to a Part object. It can, in fact, be the node for any type
of object. Note that if you try to get the object from Node, and there is no object,
this is considered an exception, and the exception is thrown on line 174. On lines 181-197, a generic List class template is defined. This List
class can hold nodes of any objects that have unique identification numbers, and
it keeps them sorted in ascending order. Each of the list functions checks for exceptional
circumstances and throws the appropriate exceptions as required. On lines 306-388, the driver program creates a list of two types of Part
objects and then prints out the values of the objects in the list by using the standard
streams mechanism.
0: // **************************************************
1: //
2: // Title: Week 3 in Review
3: //
4: // File: Week3
5: //
6: // Description: Provide a template-based linked list
7: // demonstration program with exception handling
8: //
9: // Classes: PART - holds part numbers and potentially other
10: // information about parts. This will be the
11: // example class for the list to hold
12: // Note use of operator<< to print the
13: // information about a part based on its
14: // runtime type.
15: //
16: // Node - acts as a node in a List
17: //
18: // List - template-based list which provides the
19: // mechanisms for a linked list
20: //
21: //
22: // Author: Jesse Liberty (jl)
23: //
24: // Developed: Pentium 200 Pro. 128MB RAM MVC 5.0
25: //
26: // Target: Platform independent
27: //
28: // Rev History: 9/94 - First release (jl)
29: // 4/97 - Updated (jl)
30: // **************************************************
31:
32: #include <iostream.h>
33:
34: // exception classes
35: class Exception {};
36: class OutOfMemory : public Exception{};
37: class NullNode : public Exception{};
38: class EmptyList : public Exception {};
39: class BoundsError : public Exception {};
40:
41:
42: // **************** Part ************
43: // Abstract base class of parts
44: class Part
45: {
46: public:
47: Part():itsObjectNumber(1) {}
48: Part(int ObjectNumber):itsObjectNumber(ObjectNumber){}
49: virtual ~Part(){};
50: int GetObjectNumber() const { return itsObjectNumber; }
51: virtual void Display() const =0; // must be overridden
52:
53: private:
54: int itsObjectNumber;
55: };
56:
57: // implementation of pure virtual function so that
58: // derived classes can chain up
59: void Part::Display() const
60: {
61: cout << "\nPart Number: " << itsObjectNumber << endl;
62: }
63:
64: // this one operator<< will be called for all part objects.
65: // It need not be a friend as it does not access private data
66: // It calls Display() which uses the required polymorphism
67: // We'd like to be able to override this based on the real type
68: // of thePart, but C++ does not support contravariance
69: ostream& operator<<( ostream& theStream,Part& thePart)
70: {
71: thePart.Display(); // virtual contravariance!
72: return theStream;
73: }
74:
75: // **************** Car Part ************
76: class CarPart : public Part
77: {
78: public:
79: CarPart():itsModelYear(94){}
80: CarPart(int year, int partNumber);
81: int GetModelYear() const { return itsModelYear; }
82: virtual void Display() const;
83: private:
84: int itsModelYear;
85: };
86:
87: CarPart::CarPart(int year, int partNumber):
88: itsModelYear(year),
89: Part(partNumber)
90: {}
91:
92: void CarPart::Display() const
93: {
94: Part::Display();
95: cout << "Model Year: " << itsModelYear << endl;
96: }
97:
98: // **************** AirPlane Part ************
99: class AirPlanePart : public Part
100: {
101: public:
102: AirPlanePart():itsEngineNumber(1){};
103: AirPlanePart(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber);
104: virtual void Display() const;
105: int GetEngineNumber()const { return itsEngineNumber; }
106: private:
107: int itsEngineNumber;
108: };
109:
110: AirPlanePart::AirPlanePart(int EngineNumber, int PartNumber):
111: itsEngineNumber(EngineNumber),
112: Part(PartNumber)
113: {}
114:
115: void AirPlanePart::Display() const
116: {
117: Part::Display();
118: cout << "Engine No.: " << itsEngineNumber << endl;
119: }
120:
121: // forward declaration of class List
122: template <class T>
123: class List;
124:
125: // **************** Node ************
126: // Generic node, can be added to a list
127: // ************************************
128:
129: template <class T>
130: class Node
131: {
132: public:
133: friend class List<T>;
134: Node (T*);
135: ~Node();
136: void SetNext(Node * node) { itsNext = node; }
137: Node * GetNext() const;
138: T * GetObject() const;
139: private:
140: T* itsObject;
141: Node * itsNext;
142: };
143:
144: // Node Implementations...
145:
146: template <class T>
147: Node<T>::Node(T* pOjbect):
148: itsObject(pOjbect),
149: itsNext(0)
150: {}
151:
152: template <class T>
153: Node<T>::~Node()
154: {
155: delete itsObject;
156: itsObject = 0;
157: delete itsNext;
158: itsNext = 0;
159: }
160:
161: // Returns NULL if no next Node
162: template <class T>
163: Node<T> * Node<T>::GetNext() const
164: {
165: return itsNext;
166: }
167:
168: template <class T>
169: T * Node<T>::GetObject() const
170: {
171: if (itsObject)
172: return itsObject;
173: else
174: throw NullNode();
175: }
176:
177: // **************** List ************
178: // Generic list template
179: // Works with any numbered object
180: // ***********************************
181: template <class T>
182: class List
183: {
184: public:
185: List();
186: ~List();
187:
188: T* Find(int & position, int ObjectNumber) const;
189: T* GetFirst() const;
190: void Insert(T *);
191: T* operator[](int) const;
192: int GetCount() const { return itsCount; }
193: private:
194: Node<T> * pHead;
195: int itsCount;
196: };
197:
198: // Implementations for Lists...
199: template <class T>
200: List<T>::List():
201: pHead(0),
202: itsCount(0)
203: {}
204:
205: template <class T>
206: List<T>::~List()
207: {
208: delete pHead;
209: }
210:
211: template <class T>
212: T* List<T>::GetFirst() const
213: {
214: if (pHead)
215: return pHead->itsObject;
216: else
217: throw EmptyList();
218: }
219:
220: template <class T>
221: T * List<T>::operator[](int offSet) const
222: {
223: Node<T>* pNode = pHead;
224:
225: if (!pHead)
226: throw EmptyList();
227:
228: if (offSet > itsCount)
229: throw BoundsError();
230:
231: for (int i=0;i<offSet; i++)
232: pNode = pNode->itsNext;
233:
234: return pNode->itsObject;
235: }
236:
237: // find a given object in list based on its unique number (id)
238: template <class T>
239: T* List<T>::Find(int & position, int ObjectNumber) const
240: {
241: Node<T> * pNode = 0;
242: for (pNode = pHead, position = 0;
243: pNode!=NULL;
244: pNode = pNode->itsNext, position++)
245: {
246: if (pNode->itsObject->GetObjectNumber() == ObjectNumber)
247: break;
248: }
249: if (pNode == NULL)
250: return NULL;
251: else
252: return pNode->itsObject;
253: }
254:
255: // insert if the number of the object is unique
256: template <class T>
257: void List<T>::Insert(T* pObject)
258: {
259: Node<T> * pNode = new Node<T>(pObject);
260: Node<T> * pCurrent = pHead;
261: Node<T> * pNext = 0;
262:
263: int New = pObject->GetObjectNumber();
264: int Next = 0;
265: itsCount++;
266:
267: if (!pHead)
268: {
269: pHead = pNode;
270: return;
271: }
272:
273: // if this one is smaller than head
274: // this one is the new head
275: if (pHead->itsObject->GetObjectNumber() > New)
276: {
277: pNode->itsNext = pHead;
278: pHead = pNode;
279: return;
280: }
281:
282: for (;;)
283: {
284: // if there is no next, append this new one
285: if (!pCurrent->itsNext)
286: {
287: pCurrent->itsNext = pNode;
288: return;
289: }
290:
291: // if this goes after this one and before the next
292: // then insert it here, otherwise get the next
293: pNext = pCurrent->itsNext;
294: Next = pNext->itsObject->GetObjectNumber();
295: if (Next > New)
296: {
297: pCurrent->itsNext = pNode;
298: pNode->itsNext = pNext;
299: return;
300: }
301: pCurrent = pNext;
302: }
303: }
304:
305:
306: int main()
307: {
308: List<Part> theList;
309: int choice;
310: int ObjectNumber;
311: int value;
312: Part * pPart;
313: while (1)
314: {
315: cout << "(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: ";
316: cin >> choice;
317:
318: if (!choice)
319: break;
320:
321: cout << "New PartNumber?: ";
322: cin >> ObjectNumber;
323:
324: if (choice == 1)
325: {
326: cout << "Model Year?: ";
327: cin >> value;
328: try
329: {
330: pPart = new CarPart(value,ObjectNumber);
331: }
332: catch (OutOfMemory)
333: {
334: cout << "Not enough memory; Exiting..." << endl;
335: return 1;
336: }
337: }
338: else
339: {
340: cout << "Engine Number?: ";
341: cin >> value;
342: try
343: {
344: pPart = new AirPlanePart(value,ObjectNumber);
345: }
346: catch (OutOfMemory)
347: {
348: cout << "Not enough memory; Exiting..." << endl;
349: return 1;
350: }
351: }
352: try
353: {
354: theList.Insert(pPart);
355: }
356: catch (NullNode)
357: {
358: cout << "The list is broken, and the node is null!" << endl;
359: return 1;
360: }
361: catch (EmptyList)
362: {
363: cout << "The list is empty!" << endl;
364: return 1;
365: }
366: }
367: try
368: {
369: for (int i = 0; i < theList.GetCount(); i++ )
370: cout << *(theList[i]);
371: }
372: catch (NullNode)
373: {
374: cout << "The list is broken, and the node is null!" << endl;
375: return 1;
376: }
377: catch (EmptyList)
378: {
379: cout << "The list is empty!" << endl;
380: return 1;
381: }
382: catch (BoundsError)
383: {
384: cout << "Tried to read beyond the end of the list!" << endl;
385: return 1;
386: }
387: return 0;
388: }
Output: (0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 1
New PartNumber?: 2837
Model Year? 90
(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 2
New PartNumber?: 378
Engine Number?: 4938
(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 1
New PartNumber?: 4499
Model Year? 94
(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 1
New PartNumber?: 3000
Model Year? 93
(0)Quit (1)Car (2)Plane: 0
Part Number: 378
Engine No. 4938
Part Number: 2837
Model Year: 90
Part Number: 3000
Model Year: 93
Part Number 4499
Model Year: 94
On lines 35-39, a number of exception classes are declared. In the somewhat primitive
exception handling provided by this program, no data or methods are required of these
exceptions; they serve as flags to the catch statements, which print out
a very simple warning and then exit. A more robust program might pass these exceptions
by reference and then extract context or other data from the exception objects in
an attempt to recover from the problem.cout << thePart
